8.- The Skeletal System - Diseases

Diseases:

- Arthritis: Is inflammation of the joints and affects principalmentee to mobile joints. There are two possible ways:
Osteoarthritis: Is the wear of the bones and joints as time passes.
If a person is obese you can accelerate osteoarthritis. Over time the tissues that help move joints and wear rompern causing bone spurs, joint space narrowing, inflammation and pain.
Autoimmune arthritis: This occurs when the body attacks itself and damages articualciones causing severe joint destruction and chronic weakness.



- Osteoporosis: Age, hormone status and balanced diet are importantespara prevent osteoporosis.
The bones become weak and the progression, are more prone to fracture.

- Rickets / osteomalacia: It is more efectados in adults caused by lack of calcium, vitamin D and phosphate. The bones soften and become weaker lose its normal shape.

Webgraphy:

http://www.newhealthguide.org/Skeletal-System-Diseases.html

http://www.newhealthadvisor.com/Skeletal-System-Organs.html

http://www.healthline.com/health/rickets#Visióndeconjunto1

8.- The Skeletal System - Organs And Functions

Organs And Functions:

- Bones: Our human body is composed of 206 bones that provides support, protection and estenunidos muscles.

- Joints and Ligaments: Ligaments are conpuestos by fibrous tissue that connects one bone to another bone. As the joints are fixed, it allows the bone to move in all directions.

- Tendons: Also attach muscles to bones, they are more flexible to provide more movement.
The contraction of the tendon pulls the end of bone (which is attached) and causes the bone to move.

- Cartilage: It is a soft and flexible fabric. Prevents the bones rub against each other. They can also be damaged or infected and cause the joint is swollen and tender.

Webgraphy:

http://www.newhealthadvisor.com/Skeletal-System-Organs.html

http://www.livescience.com/22537-skeletal-system.html

8.- The Skeletal System - General System Function

General System Function:

The human skeletal system is composed of 206 bones as tendons, ligaments and cartilage instead consist of 98 animals bones. Its main functions are to support the whole body, movement, protection to other organs of the body, produce red blood cells ...
It depends if you are male or female bones are arranged differently. The female pelvis is flatter and rounded (for the childbirth), the male pelvis is about 90 degrees or less, in canvio the female is about 100 degrees or more.

The skeleton has two parts:

- Axial Skeleton: It has 80 bones and is composed of the skull, spine and ribcage. It helps the body is upright.

- Appendicular skeleton: It has 126 bones and is composed lacintura scapular, upper extremity, pelvic girdle and lower extremities. They are used to walking, running and other movements.

Webgraphy:

http://www.livescience.com/22537-skeletal-system.html

http://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/skeletal-system

7.- The Reproductive System - Diseases

Diseases:

Diseases of the male system:

- Hydrocele: Fluid accumulation is located in one or both testicles. This will cause the groin or scrotum swell. Hydroceles are more common in babies.

Symptoms:
- Swelling in the scrotum
- Swelling when at rest
- Swelling but remains the same

- Varicocele: The variscosas veins in the scrotum are enlarged. Most varioceles occur on the left side and the rest on both sides. Usually this happens at puberty.

Symptoms:
- A testicular tumor
- Testicles that are different in size
- Swollen veins in the scrotum
- Heavy feeling or uncomfortable

- Hypospadias: This is when the meatus (opening) is not on the tip of the penis. The hole can be anywhere along the underside of the penis. Normally the meatus is located near the tip of the penis.

Symptoms:
- Opening of the urethra at the tip of the penis
- Descending curve of the penis
- Hood appearance of the penis
- Spray abnormal during urination

Diseases of the female system:

- Endometriosis: This is a painful, chronic disease where the tissue lining the uterus is found outside. When this misplaced tumors or lesions that respond to mentrual cycle, the tissue breaks down it develops.

Symptoms:
- Pain before and during periods
- sterility
- Fatigue
- Painful urination

- Uterus Prolapse: The cause is when labor was hard work, some women and other pelvic muscles weaken. Also when a woman gets older and the natural loss of the hormone estrogen, the uterus can fall into the vaginal canal.

Symptoms:
- Heaviness in the pelvis
- Low back pain
- The tissue is protruding from the vagina
- Urinary problems

- Pelvic Inflammatory disease: is an infection in the female reproductive organs. The pelvis is in the lower abdomen including the fallopian tubes, ovaries, cervix and uterus.

Symptoms:
- Having sex and be under the age of 25 years
- Having sex with more than one person
- Having sex without a condom
- Hereditary

Webgraphy:

https://www.dmu.edu/medterms/male-reproductive-system/male-reproductive-system-diseases/

http://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/tc/hydrocele-topic-overview

http://www.seattlechildrens.org/medical-conditions/kidney-reproductive-urinary-conditions/hydrocele-symptoms/

http://youngmenshealthsite.org/guides/varicoceles/

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypospadias/basics/symptoms/con-20031354

https://www.dmu.edu/medterms/female-reproductive-system/female-reproductive-system-diseases/

http://www.endometriosisassn.org/endo.html

7.- The Reproductive System - Process Of The System

Process Of The System:


When a man's sperm is fertilized inside (either through sexual intercourse or artificial insemination) the woman's ovum takes all necessary to produce children material.

During pregnancy, women will go through several internal signals before the typical "baby belly" begins to show. These signals are the body's reactions to the hormones generated during the process of fertilization.
As the fetus develops, the woman's body will prepare for the birth process, which includes the extension of the symphysis pubis.
Vaginal delivery is the most common form of delivery, but the use of cesarean section (removal of the child through surgical abdomen of the mother) is increasing.

Webgraphy:

http://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/female-reproductive-system

http://www.livestrong.com/article/37137-reproductive-system-functions/

7.- The Reproductive System - Organs And Functions

Organs And Functions:

Male Reproductive Organs:

- Penis: The male organ used in sex. It consists of three parts: the root: found in the abdominal wall. The body and glans is the part that gives shape to the penis.

- Scrotum: It's like a leather pouch containing the testicles, many nerves and blood vessels. The scrotum acts as an air conditioning system because the testes should be at a temperature colder than the body temperature.


- Testicles: The testiuclos are responsible for testosterone, which is the principal male sex hormone. Most men have two testicles.

Scrotum And Testicles

- Epididymo: It's like a long tube that rests on top of each testicle. Transports and stores sperm (producing cells in the testes).

- Urethra: Is a long tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body.

- Seminal vesicles: They are like bags that are attached to the vas deferens near the bladder. It provides sperm with a source of energy to help them move.

Female Reproductive Organs:

- Labia majora: Enclose and protect the other external reproductive organs.

- Minor Lips: It is located inside the labia majora and surround the openings of the vagina and urethra.

- Bartholin Glands: They are next to the vaginal opening and produce a fluid secretion.


- Vagina: A canal linking the cervix to the outside of the body.

- Uterus: A hollow pear-shaped, which is where the fetus will develop organ.

- Ovaries: They have oval shape located on each side of the uterus. The ovaries produce eggs and hormones.

- Fallopian tubes: These are narrow tubes that are attached to the top of the uterus and serve as tunnels for the ova.

Webgraphy:

http://www.webmd.com/sex-relationships/guide/male-reproductive-system?page=2

http://www.webmd.com/sex-relationships/guide/your-guide-female-reproductive-system

7.- The Reproductive System - General System Function

General System Function:

The reproductive system is a set of internal and external organs that work together to reproduce. The main functions of the human reproductive system are: producing ovum or espematozoides (depending on whether you are male or female), to transport and maintain cells, nourish the young in developing, producing hormones.
Most of the male reproductive system is outside the body and the female inside.

Webgraphy:

http://www.livescience.com/26741-reproductive-system.html

https://8salembodysystems.wikispaces.com/Reproductive+System

http://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/reproductive/

6.- Muscular System - Diseases

Diseases:

Dermatomyositis: Is a disease that affects the skin and muscle. The characteristics of dermatomyositis are skin rashes, muscle weakness and inflammatory myopathy or inflamed muscles. Dermatomyositis can affect adults and children.

Symptoms:
- Muscle pain
- Muscle tenderness
- Fatigue
- Weightloss

Rhabdomyolysis: Is a disease that destroys skeletal muscle. This can be caused by a muscle injury. If you have a lot of myoglobin, is the protein that stores oxygen in the muscles, it can damage the kidneys.

Symptoms:
- General weakness
- Muscle tenderness
- Dark or red urine
- Muscle stiffness

Polymyositis: It is a degenerative and inflammatory disease in nature. It affects the tissue that cause weakness and muscle atrophy. commonly affects adults aged 30 to 50 years. They develop gradually over weeks or months.

Symptoms:
- Muscular weakness
- Joint pain
- Fatigue
- Weightloss

Webgraphy:

http://www.newhealthadvisor.com/Muscular-System-Diseases.html

http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/rhabdomyolysis-symptoms-causes-treatments

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000473.htm

6.- The Muscular System - Parts Of The System

Parts Of The System:

The three types of muscles:

- Skeletal muscle: This muscle creates any kind of movement. There are more than 600 skeletal muscles and constitutes 40% of body weight of our body.
All body muscles work together to move the skeleton and are voluntary, controlled by conscious thought.

- Cardiac Muscle: Conforming the walls of the heart and pumps blood to the whole body. This type of muscle creates electrical impulses that produce heart contractions can affect hormones and the nervous system stimuli, such as when our heart rate increases is when we are afraid.

- Smooth Muscle: It is composed of hollow organs such as respiratory ducts, blood vessels, stomach ... Just as the heart muscle smooth muscle also contracts with stimuli and nerve impulses. 


Wegbraphy:

http://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/muscular-system

http://www.muscularsystem.organsofthebody.com/parts-of-muscular-system.php

6.- The Muscular System - General System Function

General System Function:


The muscles are attached home every bone in his body. Our body has about 700 muscles. The heart has muscles that allow pump blood throughout the body.
There are three main types of muscles in the body.
The visceral muscles help control the functioning of the organs. Cardiac muscles control the functioning of the heart. Skeletal muscles are attached to bones and help the body to move.

5.- The Immune System - Diseases

Diseases:

Rheumatoid arthritis: Is a disease that mistakenly attacks the joints, causing inflammation. If the inflammation is not controlled, it can damage the cartilage. The joints can become loose. It usually affects the joints of the hands, feet, wrists, knees, elbows and ankles.

Symptoms:
- Joint pain
- Fatigue
- Stiffness
- Swelling in the joints

Vasculitis: When the immune system attacks the blood vessels by mistake. This can happen when there is an infection or disease.
The interruption of blood flow caused by inflammation, can damage the body's organs.

Symptoms:
- Loss of appetite
- Weightloss
- Fatigue
- General discomfort

Myasthenia gravis: Is a chronic neuromucular disease that weakens the skeletal mmusculos the body.
Most people with myasthenia gravis have a normal life esperanzacde.

Symptoms:
- Fatigue
- Difficulty breathing
- Trouble climbing stairs or lifting.
- Dropping eyeli

Webgraphy:

http://www.medicinenet.com/rheumatoid_arthritis/article.htm

http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/autoimmune-diseases

http://www.arthritis.org/about-arthritis/types/rheumatoid-arthritis/what-is-rheumatoid-arthritis.php

https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/vas/signs

5.- The Immune System - Process Of The System

Process Of The System:

1. The body recognizes an antigen and delivered to the lymphatic system that is ingested by a macrophage.

2. The macrophage processes and displays the virus antigens.

3. The cell B is activated and produces millions of antibodies which are specific against the antigen.

4. The antibodies are important because the virus can exceed the number of cells of the immune system.

5. Then the antibodies send signals to other immune cells to come and destroy the antibody.

6. The invading cells will be eliminated.

5.- Immune System - Organs And Functions

Organs And Functions:

Skin: It is resistant to bacteria and viruses, the skin also secretes antibacterial substances.

Bone marrow: Is the tissue found inside most bones. All cells such as red cells, white cells, lymphocytes derived from bone marrow.

Thymus: Directs T cells mature. T cells instruct other cells how to react to viruses or foreign cells.

Spleen: It acts primarily as a blood filter, while others can spend sagre bacteris are eliminated.

Lymph node: Is similar to the spleen, it contains the same specialized cells. However, no filters the blood, but filters the lymph (fluid drained composed of tissues).

Webgraphy:

https://www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/immunology-11/overview-of-immunity-135/cells-and-organs-of-the-immune-system-694-3503/

http://bodywiki.wikifoundry.com/page/Immune+System+Organs+and+Their+Functions

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072579/

5.- The Immune System - General System Function

General System Function:

Its main function is to protect against disease and prevent infection. The immune system attacks organisms and substances that invade the body's systems and cause disease.
This consists of a network of cells, tissues and organs that work to protect the body. There are two types of white blood cells:

- Phagocytes: These are cells that destroy invading organisms.

- Lymphocytes: Are cells that allow the body to know that organisms are invaders

Webgraphy:

http://www.livescience.com/26579-immune-system.html

http://kidshealth.org/es/parents/immune-esp.html?WT.ac=pairedLink

4.- The Circulatory System - Diseases

Diseases:

Myocardial infarction (heart attack): The blockage of blood flow that would result death of muscle tissue. The blockage occurs in one of the arteries of the heart. The heart can die if much destroys your muscle tissue.

Symptoms:
- Fatigue
- discomfort
- Chest discomfort

Hypertension: Occurs when there is a lot of pressure in the blood vessels. This can cause health problems and damage blood vessels.
When the heart beats, it pushes blood through the arteries and blood push harder against the walls of the arteries.

Symptoms:
- Chest pain
- Fatigue or confusion
- Difficulty breathing
- Blood in the urine

Ischemia: When the flow of blood, which contains oxygen, fails in some parts of the body.
And serious cardiac ischemia when the heart does not receive enough blood flow, blood oxygen will be insufficient to maintain the muscle.

Symptoms:
- Difficulty breathing
- Fatigue
- Heartbeat

Webgraphy:

https://www.hypertension.ca/en/hypertension/what-do-i-need-to-know/what-is-high-blood-pressure

http://www.webmd.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/guide/hypertension-symptoms-high-blood-pressure

https://www.dmu.edu/medterms/circulatory-system/circulatory-system-diseases/

http://www.texasheart.org/HIC/Topics/Cond/silent.cfm

4.- The Circulatory System - Organs And Functions

Organs And Functions:

1. The Heart: Is the organ responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. This consists of four spaces, two ventricles and two atria. The heart beats and contracts 70 times per minute, depending on the age and physical effort.

2. Blood Vessels: Allow blood to flow quickly from one body part to another and then back to the heart. You can increase its size depends on the blood that passes through it. There are three types of blood vessels:

- Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood from the heart.
- Veins: Carry blood back to the heart.
- Capillaries: Are small blood vessels that form a connection between the arteries and veins.

3. Blood: Our body has about 4 to 5litros blood. The heart pumps blood to the whole body and transported hormones, nutrients, oxygen, antibodies ... they need to keep the body.
Blood is composed of different cells:

- Red cells: They represent 45% of blood volume. The mother cell reproduces around 2 million cells every second.
- White blood cells: They represent a small percentage of the number of cells in the blood. Protect the body from disease.
- Platelets: Are cells responsible for blood clotting. They help stop bleeding. For example if we cut, platelets accumulate where it is cut and plug dl hole to stop the bleeding.

Webgraphy:

http://www.innerbody.com/image/cardov.html

http://www.newhealthadvisor.com/Circulatory-System-Organs.html

http://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/circulatory-system

4.- The Circulartory System - General System Function

General System Function:

The circulatory system is composed of the heart, blood vessels and blood. It's like a network of organs that connect the blood, nutrients, hormones, oxygen...
Without the circulatory system, the body could not fight off diseases.
The function of the system is to provide oxygen and nutrients transporting throughout the body.
It also helps maintain normal body temperature.

Functions:

- Breathing: Provides oxygen to the cells and removes carbon dioxide.

- Nutrition - carries digested food substances the body's cells.

- Disposal: Waste and toxins that damage the body.

- Immunity: Helps protect the body against disease.

- The cellular communication: The circulatory system carries hormones throughout the body.

- Temperature control: The circulatory system transports heat (hot and cold can both body).

Webgraphy:

https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/circulatory-system

http://www.livescience.com/22486-circulatory-system.html

3.- The Respiratory System - Diseases

Diseases:

Emphysema (COPD): Is a progressive disease that makes breathing difficult. Its main cause is smoking.
This disease progression, and destroys air sacs in the lungs and the respiratory membrane loses in the exchange of oxygen.

Symptoms:
- Cough and mucus
- Sensation of breathlessness
- Whistle when they breathe
- Chest tightness

Pneumoconiosis: A series of diseases caused by the inhalation of organic and non-organic powders.
- Asbestosis
- Berylliosis
- Byssinosis
- Coal Pneumoconiosis

Symptoms:
- Cough
- Difficulty breathing
- Emphysema
- Bronchitis

Asthma: Is a disease long term that inflames and narrows the airways. The causes may be environmental and genetic. It can affect all people of all ages.

Symptoms:
- Cough
- Difficulty breathing

- Chest tightness
- Whistle

Webgraphy:

http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-spanish/health-topics/temas/copd/signs

http://www.pneumoconiosis.org.uk/pneumoconiosis-symptoms

http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/asthma

http://www.livescience.com/22616-respiratory-system.html

3.- The Respiratory System - Process Of The System

Process Of The System:

1. The air enters through the nose and we going through the nasal cavity.

2. The air pass through the pharynx.

3. The air travels down the trachea until it reaches the bronchial tubes.

4. In the bronchial tubes are divided into the lungs.

5. In the lungs, the bronchi were to become alveoli.

6. The oxygen will be transferred into the blood.

7. The air containing carbon dioxide will be driven by the action of the diaphragm.

Webgraphy:

http://www.webmd.com/lung/how-we-breathe

http://kidshealth.org/es/parents/lungs-esp.html?WT.ac=pairedLink

3.- The Respiratory System - Organs And Functions

Organs And Functions:

Nasal Cavity: Filters and purifies the air by removing any dust, pollen ...

Pharynx: The air and food can pass meaning through the pharynx.

Larynx: If any food passes through the esophagus, larynx causes coughing.

Windpipe: Filter the air we breathe and goes directly into the bronchi.

Bronchial tubes: Two tubes where air passes and divide to go directly into the lungs.

Lungs: The organ that stores oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide and red blood cells distribute oxygen throughout the body.

Alveolo: It's like a small bag inside the lungs.

Diaphragm: Contracts to amplliar space within the chest cavity.

Webgraphy:

http://www.newhealthadvisor.com/Anatomy-of-Respiratory-System.html

http://www.tutorvista.com/biology/parts-of-the-respiratory-system-and-their-function

http://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/respiratory-system